Journal: The Journal of Neuroscience

Article Title: Suppression of Cortical NMDA Receptor Function Prevents Development of Orientation Selectivity in the Primary Visual Cortex

doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.21-12-04299.2001

Figure Lengend Snippet: Distribution of antisense ODN labeled with fluorescein. A, Antisense ODN spreads from the injection site (indicated by the arrow) in prestriate cortex at least 5 mm to include a large portion of the binocular region of the primary visual cortex in the occipital pole. B, A very large number of cell bodies located in visual cortex were labeled with the ODN/fluorescein. Scale bar: 5 mm (A) and 250 μm (B).

Article Snippet: The ODN sequences used here were 5′ CAGCAGGTGCATGGTGCT (antisense), 5′ AGCACCATGCACCTGCTG (sense), and GATGCGTGACGATGCTCG (missense) (Oligos, Etc., Wilsonville, OR).

Techniques: Labeling, Injection

Journal: The Journal of Neuroscience

Article Title: Suppression of Cortical NMDA Receptor Function Prevents Development of Orientation Selectivity in the Primary Visual Cortex

doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.21-12-04299.2001

Figure Lengend Snippet: Antisense ODN treatment prevents development of orientation selectivity of individual cortical cells. A, A cortical neuron from an antisense ODN-treated ferret displayed robust response to every orientation of a moving bar of light tested.B, Normal orientation selectivity present in a cortical cell from an untreated animal.

Article Snippet: The ODN sequences used here were 5′ CAGCAGGTGCATGGTGCT (antisense), 5′ AGCACCATGCACCTGCTG (sense), and GATGCGTGACGATGCTCG (missense) (Oligos, Etc., Wilsonville, OR).

Techniques:

Journal: The Journal of Neuroscience

Article Title: Suppression of Cortical NMDA Receptor Function Prevents Development of Orientation Selectivity in the Primary Visual Cortex

doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.21-12-04299.2001

Figure Lengend Snippet: Antisense ODN treatment prevented the developmental changes in the orientation selectivity indices of cortical cells. The cumulative percentage of cells was plotted as a function of the orientation selectivity index at 90° (A) and 45° (B) for three groups of animals: (1) antisense ODN-treated and studied at ∼P49, (2) untreated kit studied around the time of eye opening, and (3) untreated mature animal studied around the same age as the antisense ODN-treated animals. The orientation selectivity indices for the cells studied in the untreated animals increased markedly from the time of eye opening until maturity at P49 (compare the open symbols andfilled triangles). In contrast, the antisense ODN-treated animals studied at P49 had orientation selectivity indices that were similar to those found in kits but markedly lower than those found in mature untreated ferrets. The distributions for antisense ODN-treated animals and untreated animals are different statistically (Wilcoxon–Mann–Whitney U test; p< 0.01). In contrast, the distributions for antisense ODN-treated animals and the untreated kittens are indistinguishable (p > 0.05).

Article Snippet: The ODN sequences used here were 5′ CAGCAGGTGCATGGTGCT (antisense), 5′ AGCACCATGCACCTGCTG (sense), and GATGCGTGACGATGCTCG (missense) (Oligos, Etc., Wilsonville, OR).

Techniques: MANN-WHITNEY

Journal: The Journal of Neuroscience

Article Title: Suppression of Cortical NMDA Receptor Function Prevents Development of Orientation Selectivity in the Primary Visual Cortex

doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.21-12-04299.2001

Figure Lengend Snippet: Age-dependent effects of antisense ODN treatment on cortical orientation selectivity. Strikingly different cumulative plots are shown of the orientation selectivity indices in animals treated with antisense ODN early in life, when orientation selectivity normally develops, and during maturity. Treatment at an intermediate age starting around P36 had less pronounced effects on the orientation selectivity indices than seen when treatment started earlier, at ∼P21.

Article Snippet: The ODN sequences used here were 5′ CAGCAGGTGCATGGTGCT (antisense), 5′ AGCACCATGCACCTGCTG (sense), and GATGCGTGACGATGCTCG (missense) (Oligos, Etc., Wilsonville, OR).

Techniques:

Journal: The Journal of Neuroscience

Article Title: Suppression of Cortical NMDA Receptor Function Prevents Development of Orientation Selectivity in the Primary Visual Cortex

doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.21-12-04299.2001

Figure Lengend Snippet: Suppression of cortical NMDA receptor function from P21 to P49 prevented maturation of stimulus size selectivity in cortical neurons. A, Example of a peristimulus time histogram from an antisense-ODN treated cortical neuron shows responses to a large stationary stimulus. B, Example from an untreated neuron illustrates lack of responses to large stimuli in most cells from normal animals. C, Pooled results (mean and SE).

Article Snippet: The ODN sequences used here were 5′ CAGCAGGTGCATGGTGCT (antisense), 5′ AGCACCATGCACCTGCTG (sense), and GATGCGTGACGATGCTCG (missense) (Oligos, Etc., Wilsonville, OR).

Techniques:

Journal: The Journal of Neuroscience

Article Title: Suppression of Cortical NMDA Receptor Function Prevents Development of Orientation Selectivity in the Primary Visual Cortex

doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.21-12-04299.2001

Figure Lengend Snippet: Effects of antisense ODN treatment on development of cortical direction selectivity. The cumulative plot of direction selectivity indices for the antisense ODN-treated animals was similar to the plots obtained from the control sense–missense ODN-treated and untreated animals. The small difference was not statistically significant (p > 0.05).

Article Snippet: The ODN sequences used here were 5′ CAGCAGGTGCATGGTGCT (antisense), 5′ AGCACCATGCACCTGCTG (sense), and GATGCGTGACGATGCTCG (missense) (Oligos, Etc., Wilsonville, OR).

Techniques: Control

Journal: The Journal of Neuroscience

Article Title: Suppression of Cortical NMDA Receptor Function Prevents Development of Orientation Selectivity in the Primary Visual Cortex

doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.21-12-04299.2001

Figure Lengend Snippet: Knock down of NMDAR1 subunits during development did not affect the ocular dominance profile. The ocular dominance profiles in untreated (A) and antisense ODN-treated (B) ferrets were similar, as characterized by a large proportion of binocularly driven cells.

Article Snippet: The ODN sequences used here were 5′ CAGCAGGTGCATGGTGCT (antisense), 5′ AGCACCATGCACCTGCTG (sense), and GATGCGTGACGATGCTCG (missense) (Oligos, Etc., Wilsonville, OR).

Techniques: Knockdown

Journal: The Journal of Neuroscience

Article Title: Suppression of Cortical NMDA Receptor Function Prevents Development of Orientation Selectivity in the Primary Visual Cortex

doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.21-12-04299.2001

Figure Lengend Snippet: Antisense ODN treatment preserves maximum visual responses of striate cortical cells to a moving bar of light. Responses recorded at the optimal orientation (A, B) as well as the spontaneous activity (C, D) of cortical cells were relatively unaffected by antisense ODN treatment at different ages. There was no significant difference between the antisense ODN treatment group and untreated animals (p > 0.05). The box plots show the median, 10th, 25th, 75th, and 90th percentiles as vertical boxes witherror bars. The 5th and 95th percentiles are shown as dots.

Article Snippet: The ODN sequences used here were 5′ CAGCAGGTGCATGGTGCT (antisense), 5′ AGCACCATGCACCTGCTG (sense), and GATGCGTGACGATGCTCG (missense) (Oligos, Etc., Wilsonville, OR).

Techniques: Activity Assay

Journal: The Journal of Neuroscience

Article Title: Suppression of Cortical NMDA Receptor Function Prevents Development of Orientation Selectivity in the Primary Visual Cortex

doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.21-12-04299.2001

Figure Lengend Snippet: Effects of antisense ODN treatment on expression of the NMDAR1 subunit of the NMDA receptor. Immunocytochemistry of untreated (A,C) and antisense ODN-treated (B, D) ferret cortex using an anti-NMDAR1 antibody. Low-power (A, B) and high-power (C, D) photomicrographs show that the effects are widespread and affect a large number of cells. Normal and antisense ODN-treated tissue were processed together. Sections are from opposite hemispheres of the same animal. Scale bar: 0.5 mm (A, B) and 250 μm (C,D).

Article Snippet: The ODN sequences used here were 5′ CAGCAGGTGCATGGTGCT (antisense), 5′ AGCACCATGCACCTGCTG (sense), and GATGCGTGACGATGCTCG (missense) (Oligos, Etc., Wilsonville, OR).

Techniques: Expressing, Immunocytochemistry